Animal phyla

The animal kingdom is structured in 34 phyla. The numbers indicate:

presence in add_my_pet (0 for false or 1 for true)
estimated number of extant species in each (super)phylum

1 Parazoa, 5 - 10 k

1 Porifera, 5 - 10 k

0 Placozoa, 1

1 Radiata, >10 k

1 Ctenophora, 100 - 150

1 Cnidaria, >10 k

1 Deuterostomia, >67 k: 1 Echinodermata, 7 k; 0 Hemichordata, 120; 1 Chordata, >60 k

1 Xenacoelomorpha, 350
0 Orthonectida, 20
1 Platyzoa, 24 k: 1 Platyhelminthes, 20 k; 1 Gastrotricha, 790; 1 Rotifera, 2200; 1 Acanthocephala, 1150; 0 Gnathostomulida, 100; 0 Micrognathozoa, 1; 0 Cycliophora, 3
1 Lophotrochozoa, 113 k: 0 Rhombozoa, 112; 0 Entoprocta, 150; 1 Bryozoa, >4 k; 1 Brachiopoda, 330; 1 Phoronida, 10; 1 Nemertea, 1150; 1 Annelida, 22 k; 0 Sipuncula, 300; 1 Mollusca, 85 k
1 Ecdysozoa, >1030 k: 1 Chaetognatha, 120; 0 Kinorhyncha, 180; 0 Loricifera, 120; 0 Priapulida, 16; 1 Nematoda, 28 k; 0 Nematomorpha, 2 k; 0 Onychophora, 180; 1 Tardigrada, 1150; 1 Arthropoda, >1000 k

Metabolic acceleration defines model type

The primary difference between the various members of DEB-models is the presence of metabolic acceleration. Acceleration is absent in s-models, but present in a- plus h-models; h-models differ from a-models by acceleration continuing during the adult stage. Species sporting s- and h-models typically have larval stages and, when different species are compared, egg sizes that are independent of adult size. Only insects sport h-models; the holo-metabolic insects have a pupal stage. The schemes below show the amount of acceleration in evolutionary context, first in animal kingdom, then in more detail in various taxa.

Metabolic acceleration developed (or was supressed) several times in animal evolution. The font colours refer to the values of acceleration factor s_M; black, i.e. value 1, means no acceleration. Models of types a and h deal with this acceleration.

Metabolic acceleration in the ray-finned fish, Actinopterygii, only developed well in the Otomorpha, the Paracanthomorphacea and the late-branching groups of the Percomorphaceaei. The font colours refer again to the values of acceleration factor s_M; black, i.e. value 1, means no acceleration.

Metabolic acceleration in the Crustacea (left) only developed well in the Decapoda, while the situation in the copepoda is not yet fully clear. In the Mollusca (right) acceleration is only absent in the small group of the Polyplacophora. The Cephalopoda combine extreme acceleration with programmed death, so not by ageing. The font colours refer again to the values of acceleration factor s_M; black, i.e. value 1, means no acceleration.